Information technology development has deeply affected all aspects of social, economic, cultural, life including CRIMINAL law. This development has forced lawyers and policy makers of these areas to reflect deeply. Differences between traditional and cyber crimes are such that long standing conventional CRIMINAL policy can no longer tackle them.Trans nationality, easiness of occurrence, anonymity of culprits and their large scale effects partly show the characteristics of these offences. These features on one hand and dependence of the modern social life’s structures on the other hand necessitate preparing a new CRIMINAL APPROACH. Efficacy and efficiency of new acts against digital crimes require a new advance to categories such as definition of crime, elements of crime, CRIMINAL responsibility and so on. The main focus of this article is explanation of reasons and requirements of distinguished CRIMINAL policy against cyber crimes. Although analytical investigation of the Iranian CRIMINAL law in cyber crime is not the main aim of this writing, I tried to find out to what extent the DIFFERENTIATED CRIMINAL APPROACH is adopted and applied by the Iranian CRIMINAL law.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological APPROACH.

With the increasing trend of crime rate and limitations of formal CRIMINAL justice system in controlling crime, development of new scientific strategies for enhancing effectiveness of CRIMINAL justice programs and policies has been unavoidable. The main question which should be addressed by the CRIMINAL justice management is that what is the role of scientific findings and knowledge management in shaping and leading of CRIMINAL justice interventions?Reaching to an effective and efficient CRIMINAL justice system requires deep and comprehensive understanding of CRIMINAL justice challenges; basic knowledge about theoretical and philosophical aspects of CRIMINAL justice in the cultural and social content of Iran, enhancing skills of the CRIMINAL justice practitioners and authorities in planning indigenized model of CRIMINAL justice interventions; and also producing knowledge and information for evaluating results and process of CRIMINAL justice interventions. Poor planning and faulty problem analysis are the primary reasons that stop many CRIMINAL justice intervention fail to live up to their promise.

The purpose of this study is to generalize the results of a complex clinical-laboratory, radiological and immunological study of patients with spinal tuberculosis. A comprehensive examination analysis was carried out in 192 patients with tuberculous spondylitis who were in the department of surgery for osteoarticular tuberculosis of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Tuberculosis and Pulmonology in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Severe degrees of spinal disorders were found in 48. 7% of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) allow establishing the stage and activity of a specific process in the spine, as well as complications. Spinal column instability was detected in 143 (74. 5%) patients, paravertebral abscesses in 116 (60. 4%) patients, and epidural abscesses in 75 (39. 0%) patients. Changes in immunological parameters in patients with spinal tuberculosis were associated both with impaired regulation of immunogenetic and with the direct influence of the immune system at various stages of the process. The detection of certain patterns of immune system disorders in patients with tuberculous lesions of the spine allowed us to make a DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH to their treatment in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment. It can be concluded that at present, tuberculosis of bones and joints, especially the spine, is detected in an advanced stage in 50-80% of cases and has a widespread and complicated character with profound anatomical and functional changes and the presence of severe spinal disorders in 48. 7% patients in Uzbekistan. Regarding spondylitis, it is immensely important to make an accurate diagnosis based on the clinical presentations, laboratory, radiological and immunological findings and by periodic assessment of the response to treatment, which is essential in atypical cases.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) APPROACH. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

the process of stigmatizing includes strategies and CRIMINAL sanctions that its aim is the labelling and shaming the accused and offenders. From the past to the present, it is in Different Countries’ CRIMINAL Justice Systems specially the United States, and now it is more current in the mentioned country for the occurrence of the effective political events and because of governing the securityoriented policy. While having a considerable background, now in the modern penal rules (including the penal codes codified 1392 and the CRIMINAL procedure codified 1392), the labelling categorization in the CRIMINAL system of Iran has accepted and obliged that its instances in the law of Iran such as the law of America are one of the manifestation of the CRIMINAL surveillance policy. So, in this research, meanwhile reviewing the meaning and concept of labelling, it has been tried to be observed this category from the point of the manifestations of the CRIMINAL security-orientation. The result indicates that Iran legislature excessively has been inclined to label persons and it is necessary to reconsidered.

Request for CRIMINAL or CRIMINAL prosecution of cross-border offenses in the territory of the European Union has a pattern of mutual cooperation, the principle of mutual recognition and the provision of CRIMINAL investigations. This is an alternative APPROACH to the Transnational CRIMINAL Procedure Code and to the harmonization of the internal rules of the member states of the European Union, which now does not provide for the conditions for its implementation in the European Union. It is believed that the field of harmonization of the domestic laws of member states is consistent with the principles of the CRIMINAL procedure with the experience of mutual cooperation, mutual identification and CRIMINAL investigation. However, the principle of mutual recognition and CRIMINAL investigations has serious gaps that, until these problems are resolved, there is no prospect of harmonizing the internal laws of the member states. Mutual identification or CRIMINAL investigation of non-CRIMINAL acts that are subject to the termination of the law, differences in the standards of CRIMINAL law, or in conflict with national sovereignty and red lines have failed. Same is true of the adoption of the Transnational CRIMINAL Procedure Act and the harmonization of the laws of member states in the future.

Tax evasion has the higher frequency in the economic crime rate. After the repeated reforms in the Direct Tax Act especially in Article 201 approved in 1380 and Article 274 in 1394, this economic phenomenon (tax evasion) was CRIMINALized and punishable by imprisonment. But in terms of elements of crime and punishment, there are many ambiguities in this article. Tax evasion is an intentional crime which physical behavior can be resulted from positive or negative actions. In terms of conditions for committing tax evasion, of fenders need not to direct perpetration the Fraud documents file but the facts cited in the third person settings, will suffice. In the other hand, the omission should be completed during three consecutive years. The element result for the ratio of the absolute or conditional crime much possibility arises that seems to be conditional its compliance with the principles of legal interpretation in favor of the accused. This article based on the systematic APPROACH to the analysis of the elements that constitute the crime of tax evasion will be discussed.

Today, the consequences of climate change inevitably affect various aspects of human life and other living things, and their effects are increasing day by day. Such consequences, which of course have a "physical" nature in their early stages (such as temperature increase, floods, severe climate changes, soil erosion and desertification) towards social and economic dimensions and in the form of migration, loss of resources, change of location, cultural displacement, confusion, social unrest and other cases occur. Basically, policy-making in CRIMINAL prosecution should be done with regard to the characteristics of climate change, and on the other hand, this response should be focused on behaviors and crimes that have a significant effect on climate change and intensifying the climate situation or speeding up its process. The CRIMINAL response to climate change should be done with a specific mechanism and it cannot be limited to a specific country. This is why global legal responses through relevant conventions and strengthening the functioning of social institutions and the establishment of specialized climate police will achieve better results. It seems that the state of response of CRIMINAL law to climate change in Iran is not future-oriented and the type of response is based on looking at the past and not reviving the climate situation or strengthening preventive response regarding such CRIMINAL behaviors. In addition, in Iran, in some cases, such as ecocide, fraud in carbon emissions, etc., there are no regulations for punishing and prosecuting them.

As a technological tool with CRIMINAL capabilities, virtual assets have also attracted the attention of CRIMINALs. The unique features of this technology have become the beginning of conceptual changes and examples of some crimes. Hence, curbing the CRIMINAL risks of this technology and taking preventive and confrontational measures against it seems inevitable. In the meantime, the risks of money laundering of virtual assets have made it the focus of CRIMINAL policy measures. Features such as speed, anonymity, not being tracked have caused CRIMINALs to use these assets widely. Therefore, within the framework of their CRIMINAL justice system, countries are trying to control the CRIMINAL risks of money laundering of virtual assets in two preventive and confrontational dimensions. Based on this, in order to adopt optimal strategies at the level of the CRIMINAL justice system, first of all, it is very important to know what virtual assets are from a technical and legal point of view, and then to examine its CRIMINAL capacities. Because the prerequisite for adopting any action or reaction strategy is to know the exact phenomenon of the subject of these actions. This will provide the necessary background for presenting the ideal model of CRIMINAL policy at two both preventive and penal levels. Therefore, in the present study, the APPROACH of the CRIMINAL justice system to the CRIMINAL risk of virtual assets will be investigated with a descriptive-analytical APPROACH and by examining library sources such as transnational documents, domestic laws, and regulations. In this framework, by examining the existing situation in Iran's legal-CRIMINAL system, the needs of the CRIMINAL policy in this field will be outlined.